< PreviousICAO WORLD CIVIL AVIATION REPORTINTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION.....................................................................................................................................................................11.............................................................................................................................................................................ICAO 39th Assembly – Summary of Main ConclusionsICAO's Member States concluded the UN aviation agency's landmark 39th Assembly in Montréal, 6 October 2016, delivering an historic agreement on a new global market-based measure (GMBM) to offset CO emissions 2from international flights and a comprehensive roadmap for the sustainable future of international aviation.“Aviation can now claim its 'Paris moment',” declared ICAO Council President Dr. Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu, “Air transport is not only the world's first major industry sector to adopt a global approach to international emissions reduction, but very importantly, States representing more than 86.5% of international flight operations have volunteered to participate in the GMBM from its earliest stages in 2021.”“ICAO's GMBM will serve as an important new tool to complement the wide-ranging emissions reduction progress already being achieved under aviation's basket of measures,” noted ICAO Secretary General Dr. Fang Liu in her Assembly closing remarks, “namely through technological innovation, modernized procedures, and the ever-expanding use of sustainable alternative fuels.”Significant and far-reaching 39th Assembly progress was achieved across all of ICAO's five Strategic Objectives for Aviation Safety, Air Navigation Capacity and Efficiency, Aviation Security and Facilitation, the Economic Development of Air Transport, and Environmental Protection.ICAO Member States delivered very clear endorsements for the targets and approaches being pursued globally under ICAO's comprehensive strategic plans, and supported the need for it to provide similar leadership at the global level in the form of two new Global Plans now to be developed for Aviation Security and Air Transport Economic Development.They also showed their clear appreciation and support for ICAO's recent reprioritization on assistance and capacity- Aviation can now claim its ‘Paris moment’“ICAO Council President Dr. Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu“ICAO WORLD CIVIL AVIATION REPORTINTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION...................................................................................................................................................................12building under its No Country Left Behind strategy, aided by more intensive global partnerships and resource mobilization.Other decisions of note included agreement to amend the Chicago Convention to increase the number of States on ICAO's Governing Council and its supporting Air Navigation Commission..............................................................................................................................................................................ICAO’s GMBM will serve as an important new tool to complement the wide-ranging emissions reduction progress already being achieved under aviation's basket of measures“ICAO Secretary General Dr. Fang Liu““The Council President and I have been very encouraged to see such a high level of interest from Member States and industry in the work of ICAO, recognizing and supporting our leading role in global aviation,” Dr. Liu concluded. “This Assembly has benefitted from the participation of more than 2,200 delegates from 185 Member States, non-Member States and 56 observer delegations – the highest number we have ever hosted – and we have achieved 30% more work than at any previous event of this kind.”ICAO Assemblies are conducted once every three years, with the agency's 40th set to take place during its 75th Anniversary year in 2019.A more detailed review of the items endorsed at the 39th Assembly, under each Strategic Objective for global aviation, may be found on the following pages. ICAO WORLD CIVIL AVIATION REPORTINTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION.....................................................................................................................................................................13Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA)In October 2016, the 39th Session of the ICAO Assembly reached a historic agreement on a global market-based measure (MBM) scheme for international aviation, referred to as the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). This agreement reflects the strong support of ICAO Member States for a global solution to achieve its carbon neutral growth aspirational goal.Why a GMBM for international aviation?According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 4th Assessment Report, 2007), aviation (both international and domestic operations) is estimated to be responsible for approximately 2% of global CO emissions. International operations account 2for approximately 65% of total aviation emissions, thus representing 1.3% of the global CO emissions. 2The assessment undertaken by ICAO's Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP) concluded that annual CO emissions from international operations 2were 448 Mt in 2010. Significant improvement in efficiency of air transport operations and technological progress has been made in the aviation sector, with aircraft produced today being much more fuel efficient per passenger kilometre than in the 1960s. In addition to improving operational efficiency and achieving technological progress, the aviation community is making significant efforts to promote the .............................................................................................................................................................................ICAO Council President Dr. Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu (right), ICAO Secretary General Dr. Fang Liu (left), and 39th Assembly President Mr. Datuk Seri Azharuddin Abdul Rahman of Malaysia celebrate as the landmark CORSIA agreement was adoptedI last October 2016. More than 2,200 delegates from 185 Members States, non-Member States and 56 observer delegations to ICAO's historic 39th Assembly achieved 30% more work than at any previous event of its kind, including an historic agreement on a new global market-based measure (GMBM) for international flight emissions.ICAO WORLD CIVIL AVIATION REPORTINTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION...................................................................................................................................................................14!Least Developed Countries, Small Island Developing States, and Landlocked Developing Countries are exempted from participation in the scheme unless they voluntarily decide to do so.!States with small contributions to global air traffic, whose individual share of international aviation activities in total revenue tonne-kilometres (RTKs) is lower than 0.5% of total RTKs and whose cumulative share is above 90% of total RTKs. Data on RTKs for the year 2018 will be used to determine participation of States in the second phase. Exempted States are strongly encouraged to voluntarily participate in the CORSIA as soon as possible. Technical exemptions also apply to aircraft operators with low CO emissions, new entrants and special 2operations (such as humanitarian, medical and firefighting operations) to simplify the scheme and avoid undue administrative burden.The action by ICAO provides for a dynamic approach to the distribution of offsetting requirements:!In the period from 2021 through 2029, the amount of CO 2emissions to be offset or reduced by individual operators through the implementation of the CORSIA will be calculated by multiplying the operators' annual emissions with a single sector-wide growth factor every year, following a so-called 100% sectoral approach. !From 2030, offsetting requirements will be calculated taking into account both the sectoral growth factor Source: ICAOuse of sustainable alternative fuels that have a reduced carbon footprint compared to conventional jet fuel. While some hurdles still exist before alternative fuels for aviation will be deployed on a global scale, there has already been significant progress made by the aviation industry. For further information, see "Sustainable Alternative Fuels for Aviation" (p.78). The CORSIA will act as a policy tool that allows for an immediate response to the need for stabilizing the emissions in a cost-effective manner for international aviation to meet its aspirational goal.Total aviation emissions, however, are forecasted to grow in the coming decades, and the aggregate environmental benefit achieved by these measures may not be sufficient for the sector to reach its aspirational goal of carbon-neutral growth from 2020. CORSIATo accommodate the special circumstances and respective capabilities of States, CORSIA provides for a phased-in implementation approach as follows:!Pilot phase from 2021 through 2023!First phase from 2024 through 2026!Second phase from 2027 through 2035.For the first two phases from 2021 to 2026, participation by States is voluntary. For the second phase from 2027, all States will participate in the CORSIA, except for those exempted, namely:Figure 1: Final Quantities to Offset. .............................................................................................................................................................................ICAO WORLD CIVIL AVIATION REPORTINTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION.....................................................................................................................................................................15.............................................................................................................................................................................and individual growth factors for operators; the individual factors' contribution to the calculation of offsetting requirements will be at least 20% in 2030–2032, and at least 70% in 2033–2035. Offsetting or reduction of COemissions will be achieved 2 1through the acquisition and retirement of emissions units from the global carbon market, including existing mechanisms, programmes or projects, as well as new ones that may be developed under relevant international processes including the United National Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement. A standing technical advisory body on the Emissions Unit Criteria will make recommendations to the ICAO Council on the eligible emissions units for use by the CORSIA.Starting in 2022, the scheme will be reviewed by ICAO every three years. The review will include, among other features, the assessment of its impact on the growth of international aviation. The results of this assessment will serve as an important basis to make any adjustments to the scheme if required. A special review will be carried out by the end of 2032 to determine the termination, extension or any other improvement of the scheme beyond 2035.The successful implementation of the CORSIA relies on an ambitious work programme to be completed in the next few years. ICAO will need to issue new regulations as well as related guidance material, by 2018, on:a) a monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system; b) criteria for emissions units to be purchased by aircraft operators; and c) registries under the CORSIA.The MRV system is expected to include procedures on how States and operators who undertake international flights can monitor fuel use, collect data, calculate CO 2emission, report and verify emissions data. The standing technical advisory body established by ICAO will recommend those emissions units eligible for use by the CORSIA. ICAO will periodically review the emissions unit criteria (EUC) regulations and related guidance material to promote compatibility with future relevant decisions under the Paris Agreement.The development of national registries by Member States will assist in the tracking of emissions units and checking that operators are in compliance with the offsetting requirements under the CORSIA. ICAO will develop policies and related guidance material for adoption by 2018 to support the establishment of registries by States or groups of States. Also, a consolidated central registry to become operational no later than 1 January 2021 will be established under the auspices of ICAO. To ensure the smooth application of the CORSIA, ICAO and its Member States will need to take all necessary actions in providing capacity-building and assistance, as well as in building partnerships. Assessment of the impacts of the Global MBMSince the 38th ICAO Assembly in 2013, CAEP provided a significant amount of technical analyses regarding the impacts of different approaches for a global MBM scheme design, as requested by the ICAO Council. It should be noted that this analysis was conducted to support the development of the global MBM scheme, and the results do not represent any definite impacts of the CORSIA, as agreed at the 39th ICAO Assembly. Based on the analysis (see summary of the results in Figure 1), the estimated quantity to be offset by the whole international aviation sector would be in the order of 142 to 174 million tonnes of CO in 2025; and 443 to 596 million tonnes of CO in 2035. 22CAEP also analysed possible costs of the proposed global MBM scheme by multiplying the estimated quantities of offsets with the assumed prices of an emissions unit (or carbon price). It should be noted that the carbon prices drive significant uncertainty in total cost impacts of offsetting CO emissions from international aviation, and 2total cost estimates vary, depending on the assumptions.In 2025, total offsetting costs vary from USD 1.5 to 6.2 billion and in 2035, total costs vary from USD 5.3 to 23.9 billion, depending on the assumed carbon prices. Put in perspective with the reality of the business, the analysis also shows that the cost of carbon offsetting for operators as a percentage of total revenues from international aviation would range from 0.2 to 0.6% in 2025; and from 0.5 to 1.4% in 2035.Additional information on CORSIA, the Environmental Protection Programme and the relevant ICAO Assembly Resolutions are available with the online subscription version of this publication.1 Reduction of one tonne of CO equals one emissions unit.2ICAO WORLD CIVIL AVIATION REPORTINTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION...................................................................................................................................................................16.............................................................................................................................................................................• Endorsement of a global market-based measure (GMBM), the first-ever market-based measure adopted by an entire industry sector.• Recognition of the ongoing work to develop a new supersonic noise Standard for future aircraft, and the possible certification of a supersonic aeroplane in the 2020-2025 timeframe.• Recognition of the development of a new non-volatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) emissions Standard for all turbofan and turbojet aircraft with rated thrust greater than 26.7kN (first-ever).• Support for the ICAO aspirational goals on CO 2emissions reduction and recognition of progress on all elements of the Basket of Measures.• Recognition of the development of a new global CO 2emissions certification Standard for New Type and In-production aeroplanes (first-ever).• Welcoming of the partnership agreement between ICAO and ACI that focuses on various cooperative initiatives for greener airports.• Recognition of significant achievements in assisting States to develop their State action plans for CO 2emissions reduction, leading to the submission of 101 State plans to ICAO.• Request for advancement on emerging issues such as: environmental aspects of aircraft end-of-life (e.g. aircraft recycling); and climate change risk assessment on international aviation, including identification of adaptation measures . ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION39th Assembly Results: ICAO Strategic ObjectivesICAO WORLD CIVIL AVIATION REPORTINTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION.....................................................................................................................................................................17.............................................................................................................................................................................• Endorsement to commence development of the ICAO Global Aviation Security Plan, which will provide direction to all entities involved in Aviation Security (AVSEC) enhancement, with focus on internationally agreed goals and targets.• Endorsement of the following as ICAO's AVSEC and Facilitation (FAL) key priorities for the coming triennium: - New and evolving threats, including cybersecurity, landside security and insider threats. - Technical assistance and strengthened regional coordination. - Adoption of the first-ever cybersecurity resolution, which stresses the importance of information sharing and coordination across civil aviation safety and security fields of expertise to address this important area of risk. - Priorities of the FAL Programme and activities for the 2017-2019 triennium. - The ICAO Traveller Identification Programme (TRIP) Strategy, including travel documents, the ICAO Public Key Directory (PKD), and the provision of related assistance and training to States.• Continued support for the Universal Security Audit Programme Continuous Monitoring Approach, including by seconding short- and long-term experts and by participating in training courses and regional seminars.• Support for the creation of a Comprehensive Regional Implementation Plan for Aviation Security and Facilitation (SECFAL) in the Middle Eastern Region and continued support for the existing plan, AFI SECFAL, in Africa.SECURITY & FACILITATION39th Assembly Results: ICAO Strategic ObjectivesICAO WORLD CIVIL AVIATION REPORTINTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION...................................................................................................................................................................18.............................................................................................................................................................................1 Based on their achievements in 2015, the following 14 States were recognized by the ICAO Council at this year's ceremony: Austria, Botswana, Cameroon, Ecuador, El Salvador, Israel, Italy, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Latvia, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, San Marino, United Arab Emirates.• Endorsement of the ICAO Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP) as the strategic direction for ICAO’s technical work programme in air navigation. The new edition maintains objectives from previous, focused on effective safety oversight for States and safety management for operators. GASP objectives going forward will be to: - Continue to work on Safety Management System (SMS) implementation. - Work with State regulators on State Safety Programme implementation activities, including safety performance measurement. - Develop safety performance indicators and continue evolution toward predictive risk management once SMS implementation is complete.• Endorsement of continuation of ICAO's Comprehensive Regional Implementation Plan for Aviation Safety in Africa (AFI Plan) activities beyond 2016, and within the work programmes of the regional offices, as well as its expansion to cover all safety areas.• Noted and appreciated ICAO’s progress on items resolved at the last ICAO High Level Safety Conference (2015).• Endorsement of an ICAO strategy on emergency preparedness and response.• First Council Presidents Certificates for Safety Audit performance improvement were presented during the 1opening ceremonies to 14 objectively selected States.SAFETY39th Assembly Results: ICAO Strategic ObjectivesICAO WORLD CIVIL AVIATION REPORTINTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION.....................................................................................................................................................................19..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................• Endorsed the Fifth Edition of the ICAO Global Air Navigation Plan (GANP) as the strategic direction for ICAO’s technical work programme in air navigation. Additions to the current version include: – ATM Logical Architecture. – Notion of ‘minimum path’. – Performance-based approach. – Financial aspects Multi-disciplinary Working Group (MDWG).• Urged States to continue PBN implementation.• Acknowledgement of need to consider a new ICAO Global Air Transport Plan.• Endorsement of action plan for the finalization of the international agreements being developed by ICAO for the liberalization of market access, air cargo and air carrier ownership and control. • Endorsement of the action plan for further customization of long-term traffic forecasts and forecasts for aviation personnel to meet the requirements of the ICAO Next Generation Aviation Professional (NGAP) Programme.• Promote the strengthening of partnerships in the area of data sharing and analysis with the UN, its agencies, international, regional organizations and academia to increase financing and investments for the development of air transport activities.• Increased awareness and promotion of various updated policy guidance and tools.• Increased awareness and promotion of the ICAO long-term vision for air transport liberalization and core principles of consumer protection.• Increased awareness and promotion of various tools and analysis jointly developed by partners.AIR NAVIGATION CAPACITY AND EFFICIENCYECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF AIR TRANSPORT39th Assembly Results: ICAO Strategic Objectives39th Assembly Results: ICAO Strategic ObjectivesNext >