Aviation and the UN SDGs ICAO SPCP delivers results CORSIA Implementation 2023 pilot phase on track History of ICAO 75 years of consensus and success State Profile Features: Singapore and Malaysia NEWS AND DEVELOPMENTS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION - VOL.74 – NO.2At Pratt & Whitney’s Customer Training Center, we present innovative learning experiences – including 3D and VR, online and hands-on – to support your maintenance, engine performance and fleet management needs. Backed by our EngineWise TM global network, our team is dedicated to advancing jet engine knowledge and maintenance techniques to support you anytime, anywhere. ENGINE INTELLIGENCE. HUMAN EXPERTISE. Learn more at pwcustomertraining.com Editorial ICAO Communications Unit +1 (514) 954-8221 www.icao.int communications@icao.int twitter.com/icao Editor: Rick Adams AeroPerspectives +(33) 603 73 05 12 rickadams@aeroperspectives.com AeroPerspectives.com Graphic Designer: Yen Tinh Huynh (Kei) +1 (514) 954-8219 ext. 6810 yhuynh@icao.int Advertising FCM Communications Inc. Yves Allard Tel: +1 (450) 677-3535 Fax: +1 (450) 677-4445 info@fcmcommunications.ca Submissions The Journal encourages submissions from interested individuals, Organizations and States wishing to share updates, perspectives or analysis related to global civil aviation. Subscriptions and single copies Yearly subscription (4 issues) US $40. Single copies available for US $10. For subscription and sales information, please contact the Sales and Customer Relationship Unit +1 (514) 954-8022 sales@icao.int Published in Montréal, Canada. ISSN 0018 8778. The information published in the ICAO Journal was correct at time of printing. The opinions expressed are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of ICAO or its Member States. Reproduction of articles in the ICAO Journal is encouraged. The ICAO Journal must be credited in any reproduction. Printed by ICAO CONTENTS THE ICAO JOURNAL VOLUME 74, NUMBER 2, 2019 2 Message from the ICAO President 4 Message from the ICAO Secretary General 7 The History of ICAO From the 1910 Paris Conference to the Chicago Convention to Autonomous Flying Vehicles and Blockchain 14 Economic Development of Air Transport A long-term global perspective for maximizing the benefits of aviation 18 A Promising Trend The increasing recognition by States of aviation’s role in SDG achievement 20 No Country Left Behind Reviewing the successes of ICAO’s key assistanceand capacity-building initiative 22 The Air Navigation Evolution Fostering and enabling air transport innovation 25 State Profile: Singapore 34 The Global Aviation Security Plan (GASeP) Priorities and challenges 36 CORSIA Implementation Pilot phase through 2023 on track, currently 80 volunteer states 42 One ICAO, One TCB Implementing ICAO’s vision to ensure compliance with global aviation standards 44 ICAO’S Work in the Legal Field 46 Ensuring Qualified Aviation Personnel 48 State Profile: Malaysia 56 Civil Aviation Legal Advisers Forum Review 60 Singapore CEO Forum: Technology, Drones, Towers 62 China Forum Focus:Technology, Systems, Structure 64 Astronaut for a Day? 68 Seaplanes to Become ePlanesMESSAGE FROM THE ICAO PRESIDENT PERSPECTIVE AND CONVICTION Climate change has urgent and global implications, but so do our decisions to travel and trade internationally by air. As ICAO approaches its 40th Assembly, air transport is being confronted by global citizens increasingly preoccupied with mitigating their climate change impacts. A number of the actions currently being suggested advocate for immediate personal reductions in long haul flights. In the face of the scientific consensus on climate change, it’s important to recognize that everyone has the right and responsibility to reduce their personal carbon footprint. This message is being reinforced and amplified by significant new symbols of climate youth mobilization such as Greta Thunberg, whose very passionate voice consistently reminds us that we must act on the basis of the best of our climate science, and much sooner than later. As we listen to these calls, and appreciate their urgency, it’s beholden on air transport leaders to consider actions which are more comprehensive and informed than efforts such as Flygskam. We must seek to meaningfully address the sustainability of international flight, but not by disconnecting an incredibly diverse world which generations have worked so hard to bring together. This priority is of clear importance to landlocked and small island states, many of which have developing nation status and look to their international air connectivity as an economic lifeline. But in other types of countries as well we hear similar reports on how international air connections generate critical local revenues which improve general prosperity, augment opportunity, and ultimately help governments to achieve 15 of the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals under the UN’s Agenda 2030 initiative. Another challenge we are confronted with in air transport is to do a better job of showcasing our incredible emissions performance history, and how in the past half century this has led to modern aircraft becoming some 80 per cent more fuel efficient than the first jets to enter operation. Aviation’s historic and impressive emissions reduction record has largely been achieved through the same measures which continues to guide ICAO States in their development of new air transport emissions targets and programmes today. These include continuous aircraft, airframe, and engine innovations, more advanced and streamlined air operations, the accelerated development and deployment of sustainable aviation fuels, and very soon the meaningful and effective offsetting of international flight emissions through the CORSIA solution. 2 | ICAO JOURNAL | ISSUE 2 | 2019 MESSAGE FROM THE ICAO PRESIDENTDr. Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu President of the ICAO Council The upcoming 40th Assembly will be considering new environmental data and trends forecasts, ones which continue to point to our traffic and emissions growing in the decades ahead. But the Innovation Fair which precedes it will also exhibit an incredible range of new aircraft and air services which will be supporting 21st century civil societies in ways never before imagined, and increasingly via electrical or hydrogen propulsion. Given the hopes within all of us to leave our children and grandchildren with a better world, I personally have every confidence that innovation remains the key to aviation’s sustainable future. And while international flight today accounts for just 1.3% of annual man-made greenhouse gas emissions, this number will only grow unless we can realize new progress through new technologies, stronger targets, and broader coalitions. As aviation leaders it is our duty to recall the incredible spirit of connectivity and cooperation which established the air transport network to begin with but we must also safeguard its positive benefits for our world by addressing its environmental sustainability with equal measures of perspective and conviction. www.ICAO.int | 3 MESSAGE FROM THE ICAO PRESIDENT We must seek to meaningfully address the sustainability of international flight, but not by disconnecting an incredibly diverse world which generations have worked so hard to bring together.MESSAGE FROM THE ICAO SECRETARY GENERAL THE 40 TH ASSEMBLY Charting a clear course for the 2020-2022 triennium As we prepare for the coming 40th Assembly and the 2020–2022 triennium, governments have a unique opportunity to chart a clear course for ICAO. While significant progress has been made over the past triennium in making ICAO a more efficient standards-making body, in improving State capacities to implement those standards, and in monitoring and acknowledging their civil aviation development and progress, we have also driven increased recognition in Member State governments of the key role of international connectivity in promoting economic growth and sustainable prosperity, and have worked to foster the partnerships and resource mobilization which are so important to so many States’ efforts toward effective aviation development. Excellent progress was also seen relevant to all of ICAO’s Strategic Objectives. With improved capacity-building in safety oversight we have seen a reduction in accidents and an increase in State Effective Implementation rates. Our Global Air Navigation Plan (GANP) continues to make our skies more efficient, and we have highlighted the importance of aviation security to highest-level United Nations anti-terrorist objectives, while at the same time answering State calls and realizing our very first Global Aviation Security Plan (GASeP). We have furthermore continued to advocate for lower taxes on air transport and greater liberalization in air transport agreements, and perhaps most significantly, we have achieved a major breakthrough in accounting for the impacts of international flight emissions through the historic realization last Assembly of the CORSIA offsetting framework. Looking ahead to the next three years, I believe that our foremost challenge will be the continued and significant growth of air traffic and the increasing standardization complexities relating to the safe and effective integration of so many innovative new entrants in civil aviation. Aviation will also be faced, especially in terms of its domestic operations, with increasing calls from environmental advocates seeking to limit air transport demand. While the Secretariat uses its resources in a strategic manner throughout the Standard-setting process, a major new challenge will be to strike the right balance between the development of new/amended Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs), while at the same time supporting their effective implementation with the limited resources available. The new versions of ICAO’s Global Plans for Safety (GASP) and Air Navigation (GANP) will aid this dynamic by taking a more holistic approach toward our aviation systems, and via a roadmap to increase safety and air navigation capacity and efficiency to accommodate rapid growth while mitigating the risks associated with the safe operation of more aircraft within a fixed amount of airspace. 4 | ICAO JOURNAL | ISSUE 2 | 2019 MESSAGE FROM THE ICAO SECRETRARY GENERALDr. Fang Liu Secretary General of ICAO Aviation security has become a principle priority for the Organization and ICAO will need to intensify its capacity- building efforts to States to implement their national plans, while ensuring alignment with their regional roadmaps and the goals established in the GASeP. We will also need to intensify our efforts to protect civil aviation’s critical information and communications systems and data against cyber threats, just as ICAO has been dedicated to accomplishing in light of external attacks on our IT infrastructure. Many other objectives relating to the implementation of CORSIA, aviation’s importance to national development strategies, the Next Generation of Aviation Professionals sector-wide gender equality, and the expansion of cost- and results-effective partnerships, will also be key to a successful next triennium. To further a results-based management approach, I have placed a high priority on the development of the ICAO Business Plan that responds to the needs and expectations of our Member States, as well as a corresponding Regular Programme Budget for the 2020-2022 triennium under the direction of the Council. I will furthermore redouble my efforts to ensure that the Secretariat functions in a fair and transparent manner and abides by the highest ethical standards and UN best practices. I am confident that through our combined efforts we will expand air connectivity, contribute to the global economy and sustainable development, and ultimately assure that no Member State is left behind with respect to the incredible benefits of air transport. www.ICAO.int | 5 MESSAGE FROM THE ICAO SECRETRARY GENERAL Looking ahead to the next three years, I believe that our foremost challenge will be the continued and significant growth of air traffic, and the increasing standardization complexities relating to the safe and effective integration of so many innovative new entrants in civil aviation.www.icao.int Information accurate at time of printing ICAO’S GLOBAL PRESENCE North American, Central American and Caribbean Office | NACC Mexico City South American Office | SAM Lima Western and Central African Office | WACAF Dakar European and North Atlantic Office | EUR/NAT Paris Middle East Office | MID Cairo Eastern and Southern African Office | ESAF Nairobi Asia and Pacific Regional Sub-Office | APAC Beijing Asia and Pacific Office | APAC Bangkok ICAO Council ICAO Air Navigation Commission | ANC Members of the Air Navigation Commission are nominated by Contracting States and appointed by the Council. They act in their personal expert capacity and not as representatives of their States. President: Dr. Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu First Vice-President: Mr. Ulrich Schwierczinski Second Vice-President: Mr. Iván Fernando Arellano Lascano Third Vice-President: Mr. Shinji Matsui Secretary General: Dr. Fang Liu Algeria Mr. A.D. MesrouaKenya Ms. M.B. Awori Argentina Mr. G.E. AinchilMalaysia Mr. K.A.B. Ismail Australia Mr. S.C. LucasMexico Mr. D. Méndez Mayora Brazil Mrs. M.G.V. da CostaNigeria Mr. M.S. Nuhu Cabo VerdeMr. C.A.B.C.L. MonteiroPanama Mr. G.S. Oller Canada Mr. M. PagéRepubic of Korea Mr. Y.J. Lee China Mr. S. YangRussian Federation Mr. S. Gudkov ColombiaMr. M.R. KoppelSaudi Arabia Mr. S.A.R. Hashem CongoMr. R.M. OndzottoSingapore Mr. T.C. Ng Cuba Mrs. M.M.C. FrasquieriSouth Africa Mr. L. Mabaso Ecuador Mr. I.F.A. LascanoSpain Mr. V.M. Aguado Egypt Mr. A.H.M. KhedrSweden Mrs. H.J. Saxe France Mr. P. BertouxTurkey Mr. A.R. Çolak Germany Mr. U. SchwierczinskiUnited Arab Emirates Ms. A. Alhameli India Mrs. S. JunejaUnited Kingdom Mr. D.T. Lloyd IrelandMrs. A.S. Floch United Republic of Tanzania Mr. R.W. Bokango Italy Ms. S. CostantiniUnited States Mr. T.L. Carter Japan Mr. S. MatsuiUruguay Mr. M. Vidal President: Mr. Claude Hurley Vice-President, Communications: Mr. Nabil Naoumi Vice-President, Implementation: Ms. Elpida Koryfidou Secretary: Mr. Stephen P. Creamer Mr. T. Andersen Mr. A.A. Batalov Ms. M.C. Etchevest Mr. Subash S Mr. D. Marshal Freitas Mr. M. Halidou Mr. C. Hurley Mr. D.C. Jang Mr. P. Kelleher Mrs. E. Koryfidou Mr. J. Liang Mr. J. Metwalli Mrs. I. Monnier Mr. N. Naoumi Mr. S. Oshima Mr. A. Coutinho Mr. J.W.K. Twijuke Mr. A. Tiede Mr. D. WardThe rapid growth of international air transport in the post-World War II era clearly demonstrated the possibilities of civil air transport. It was evident at the time that rules to be observed by all nations, and enforced by common consent, would be essential if burgeoning international airlines were to be developed on a safe and economically sound basis. The result was the calling together at Chicago of representatives from 52 nations at the first International Civil Aviation Conference (December 1944). This gathering of senior diplomats formalized the content and original signatories to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention), and it also set up a Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization, or ‘PICAO’, to carry out the basic responsibilities arising from the Chicago Convention. PICAO was an advisory body consisting of an Interim Council and an Interim Assembly. From June 1945, the Interim Council met continuously in Montréal, Canada, and consisted of From the 1910 Paris Conference to the Chicago Convention to Autonomous Flying Vehicles and Blockchain representatives from 21 Member States. The first Interim Assembly of the PICAO was held in Montréal in June 1946. On 4 April 1947, sufficient ratifications to the Chicago Convention having been received, PICAO officially became known as ICAO. FIRST PICAO INTERIM ASSEMBLY: AFFIRMING CANADA’S ROLE In June 1946, the first PICAO Interim Assembly brought together the State representatives of PICAO, in addition to airline and IATA (International Air Transport Association) officials. Various aspects of aviation were discussed under the general topic of “Montréal in the Age of Aviation” and six committees were formed to discuss how Montréal could assume its role as the administrative capital of international aviation regulation. Eventually, the delegates taking part in the Interim Assembly selected Montréal as the Permanent Seat or Headquarters of the PICAO. Montréal also became the permanent head office of IATA and it was further confirmed in IATA’s eventual Articles of Association that its headquarters would always be in the same city as ICAO’s HQ. It was agreed in 1946 that the Secretariats of the two organizations were to be located in a new building that would be subsidized by Canadian federal authorities. The conference completed its work by resolving that Canada should play a significant role in the future development of world aviation, mainly in light of its strategic position in terms of international air navigation (every direct route at the time between North America and Europe or Asia crossed through Canadian airspace). Canada was further recognized as a power of first importance with respect to its established commercial air services and aeronautical research and development capabilities. The Convention on International Civil Aviation (also known as the Chicago Convention) was signed on 7 December 1944. The first PICAO Interim Assembly brought together the State representatives of PICAO, in addition to airline and IATA officials. THE HISTORY OF ICAO www.ICAO.int | 7 THE HISTORY OF ICAONext >